Shakespeare Coursework Essay Example for Free

Shakespeare Coursework EssayTask Give an account of the methods, which Shakespeare uses to reveal Richards eccentric person to us and to shape our attitudes towards him. You should also refer to Shakespeares manipulation of history and the room in which he sets out to present Richard III in a particular way. Richard the three was king during the 15th century and happened to be one of the best kings England had, and did, as kings go, a good job of running the country. Shakespeare however makes him out to be an bad-minded manipulative person who does any social function and everything to gain power.Also Shakespeare meddles about with time and the order in which things really happen, with the basic concept of making Richard seem even to a greater extent scheming and seductive. Why should such a brilliant runwright want to lie about a good and decent king such as Richard the third? As soon as you start this play, Shakespeare is already hammering the image of Richard as a disgu sting and rotten toad who is so evil and horrible that such quotations as used as a description for him. That dogs bark at me as I halt by themAnother thing that happens is that Shakespeare, instead of setting the scene and keeping it calm in the first act, already is getting the plot introduced and thickened. Within the first 10 pages of the Oxford edition it already has Richard killing someone by methods, which involve others doing the dirty work for his own benefit. Simple plain Clarence, I do love thee so That I impart shortly send your soul to heaven. This is Shakespeare telling you that Richard is a character which has no conscience, as he can say this one line so mirthfully and knowing that by saying it Clarence is as well as dead.This is a good example of Shakespeare using irony in its full potential in this play. In the second scene of Act 1 Richard is seducing Lady Anne even though he has just recently killed her husband and does so with the corpse succeeding(prenomina l) to them. This is again Shakespeare making Richard seem heartless and a man who bears no conscience. Your bedchamber In this quotation Richard is saying where hed like to stay and this is a take a crap line, which is telling the reader he is trying to get Lady Anne to marry him. With this quotation and scene of the seducing of Lady Anne, Shakespeare is revealing another part of Richardss character.He is cover us that this foul toad Richard can be charming and quite a ladies man when he wants to be. By doing this however he also implies that the character of Richard will be a very manipulative one, as he turns emotions and styles of behavior on and off as it is needed, it is not very often that he is sincere about the way he feels. When Shakespeare wrote this play he made some peculiar changes to its chronological order, he moved things forward and backwards through with(predicate) time to suit his play. I suppose in this way Shakespeare has something in common with Richard, the y both are very fond of using manipulation to makes things go their way.The method, which Shakespeare uses, is called the manipulation of history and the reason he does so is to make the image of Richard in the audiences head seem even worse and more evil still. What rattling happened was that Richard married Lady Anne 6 years after her husbands death. However, in Shakespeares version of events is that the coffin is still present and fresh when Richard seduces and goes on to marry in way under 6 years. You see that Shakespeare hasnt even finished the first act yet but still there is an awful lot to take in, in terms of plot, and you can see the basic structure Richard is cunningly using to get into power.We know that Richard does become king and does get killed at the end, but that isnt what makes this play what it is, it is the way the character of Richard is gradually revealed to us in different forms, whether it be a murderer, a joker, a charmer or his majesty himself. As Richar d moves on he discovers (to his pleasure) that the king is very ill and will undoubtedly die soon from natural causes. You see that Richard isnt at all bothered by the occurrence that a man is going to die, but is more bothered about how to become king after he is gone.Act 3 scene 1 is an important scene in this play when looking at Richardss character and shapes another side of Richard into your mind. This time it is the joker that he is playing. All the while though, when Richard puts on these fake moods and behaviors he always has on thing on his mind, and that is self-gain. Shakespeare seems to make him out as a greedy character as we see subsequently on when he is finally crowned. In this scene he talks with the young princes and is where he is joking with them. He has been made Lord protector of them and is a good example of irony as he is the one responsible for their death.

A Short Essay on Beauty Essay Example for Free

A Short Essay on Beauty EssayBeauty is delimitate as the quality present in a thing or person that gives intense pleasure or deep satisfaction to the mind, whether arising from sensory manifestations (as shape, color, sound, etc. ), a meaningful design or pattern, or something else (as a personalizedity in which high spiritual qualities are manifest). However, beauty has been topic of debate in equip handst casualty of its definition. In order to see what is special about pleasure in beauty, we must shift the focus back to consider what is special about the appreciation of taste, which helps determine beauty in an object. For Kant, the sentiment of taste claims universal validity, which he describes as follows when a man puts a thing on a pedestal and calls it beautiful, he demands the same delight from others. He judges not merely for himself, but for all men, and then speaks of beauty as if it were a property of things. Thus he says that the thing is beautiful and it is no t as if he counts on others agreeing with him in his judgment of liking owing to his having found them in such agreement on a number of occasions, but he demands this agreement of them.He blames them if they judge differently, and denies them taste, which he still requires of them as something they ought to have and to this extent it is not open to men to say Every one has his own taste. This would be equivalent to saying that there is no such thing as taste, i. e. no aesthetic judgment capable of making a rightful claim upon the assent of all men. (Kant 1790, p. 52 see also pp. 136139.However, having said that, there is art and architecture almost the world which provides universal appeal. For example, the Cathedral of Notre Dame could easily enamor a Hindu family, without them having very little or no knowledge of its cultural or religious significance. The Taj Mahal and the Statue of David could exude great amounts of sublimity to people of every walks of life. What is it in Art and architecture that arouses such pleasure and popularity?Corbusier once said, The Architect, by his arrangements of forms, realizes an order which is a subtile creation of his spirit through forms and shapes he affects our senses to an acute degree and provokes plastic emotions by the relationships which he creates he creates profound echoes in us, he gives us the invoice of an order which we feel to be in accordance with that of our world, he determines the various movements of our heart and of our understanding it is then we experience the sense of beauty. The above stated personal opinion could very well be the reason of Art and Architecture being an inherent and quintessential part of the global cultural heritage. Also, Art and Architecture has also regarded as stimulants to generate happiness. As Fredrick M. Padelford mentioned, Indeed, I think that we are not at all aware of the immense social asset that uniformly good architecture would be. Fancy a city in which all of the buildings are beautiful, and trace the influence on the lives of the inhabitants.In the first place, it would add greatly to the happiness of people, for, as has been observed, it is the normal function of beauty to make us happy. Unless we have allowed ourselves to become diseased, happiness will attend beauty as of course as flowers turn to the sun (Frederick M. Padelford, The Civic Control of Architecture, American Journal of Sociology, July 1908, 45-46). This short essay though it does not conclude with a well defined explanation of beauty, it will give one an idea about some the various elements, which forms a very prominent influence on beauty.

There is nothing wrong with being ignorant as long as you are contented Essay Example for Free

There is nothing defame with being ignorant as spacious as you be contented Essayb) There is nothing wrong with being ignorant as long as you argon contented Dicuss.This discussion topic is matchless that is regulary debated by philosophers and people in general. Surely if we asked ourself the question if we bum live in peace and gratification why should it matter if we live in ignorance or not? Surely we would just be jepodising our happiness for the concrete truth? Then again some may argue that how screw we hit the sack what happiness re solelyy is if we are actually live in ignorance, because that happiness were feeling wouldnt actually be real. Platos stand on this evident he believes that by living in ignorance you are living far from the truth. As a philosopher Plato argues that you should always question the public that you live in, whether you are contented or not. His attitude was unsubdivided how can you be content with something thats not possibly real? His famous teaching was the analogy of the cave. In this he taught others that there was once a cave, and in that cave lived a group of prisoners who had lived there all their lives. One day one of the prioners decided to break free and walk along the path of unknown, towards the sunlight. Plato act this story of saying that the prisoner was finally englightened by the real truth, and thus returned to tell his fellow prisoners of what he had learnt. This evidently shows us that Plato did in fact touch with breaking free of ignorance, as it is the whole meaning of the analogy of the cave.Plato also believed that we as humans are ignorant, in the sense that we believe the real human being is the a posteriori world, and that no other worlds exist. Which Plato thought was complete and utter nonsense, because there is the world of forms the Metaphyical world. If humans didnt believe that the Metaphysical world was not the world where all perfect forms lie, then we are all in fact ig norant. Plato b melieved that we all need to open our minds to all the possibilties and not be blinded by our ignorance.We also know, due to Platos theories, that in the question where it says, there is nothing wrong with being ignorant, we know for a fact that Plato would disagree with this. Stating that there is nothing wrong with something, from the Empirical world, was absurd in his eyes, unless in was in the Metaphysical world where everything is in its perfect form.However, some philosophers such as Aritotle (student of Plato), believed that the Empirical world was all that there was so therefore there is no ignorance to live in because the Empirical world is the world that exists. So in a way we can say that Aristotle would agree with this statment because his attitude is that we dont live in ignorance we live in this world, and this world alone. However some may also say, Aristotle is still a philosopher, he still questions this world. So for example, if he did view that we were living in ignorance, would Aristotle say that we should be content with that or should we question what content was?If we looked at another philosopher, Hereclitus, we can see how some of her ideas and theories may actually link to an idea that would agree with this statement. Heraclitus once said reality is unstable, surely if reality is unstable then ignorance must be bliss? Heraclitus also said that you can never step in the same river twice, teaching people that reality is dynamical and is constantly in the process of change, therefore things go out of existance. Then surely, if Heraclitus is right, who would want to live in a reality that is unstable? Wouldnt you just elect to live in a more stable world even if it was in ignorance? At least then you knew where you stood with the world rather than exprecting the Empirical world to always change. Therefore, this shows us that there was a philosopher that disagreed with Platos words and that ignorance should be aceepted i f you are content with a stable world.Although in the film The Matrix, aired in 1999, it has a situation in the film which would apply to this statement. In the film the Morpheus tells the main characters Neo and Cypher that they have a decision to make. Do they obtain the blue pill which allows them to remain in the city where they live and live in blissful ignorance, or do they take the red pill, which would lead them to run the city and to go into the real world, where they would embrace the sometimes painful truth of reality?The characters choose the red pill. They risk their happy life to understand the real truth. However, we soon see that they start to regret their choice. They appetite they had taken the blue pill, even if it was living in ignorance. So even though at basic it shows the characters disagreeing with the statement and that all humans, when faced with the decision of knowing the truth, they accept. It turns out that ignorance won in the end. It shows that th ough humans do like to know the truth, the majority of us are content with our lives and would rather live day by day and see where it takes us, rather than constantly wondering(a) what is content? What is living in ignorance? other example that we can discuss this statement on is animals in captivity. Animals that are born in captivity are more likely to live interminable than animals living in the wild. There a vets at the ready incase one of the animals get hurt and there are no fearful preditors about. The animals are completely safe. However, some argue that an animals natural habitat is the wild and that is where they should be living. Not in a confined cage. Many say that animals get accentuate and its completely un fair for them to be living under the influence of humans. But surely, if the animal was born into capivity, they wouldnt know any different?No animal would know that their natural climate was maybe in the south of Africa (essentially the wild.) Really were sayi ng should they be living in ignorance, where they are safe to bring up their puppylike and can live a long, good life? Or.. are we saying that reality is better? Where animals could get hunted down before they even stupefy to be an adult? How are the animals supposed to know whether theyre living in ignorance or reality if they dont know any different? Linking this back to the statement, for me i think in this certain situation living in ignorance would be better than living in the harsh realities of the unknown wilderness.To conclude with, I believe that those who wish to live ignorance as long as they are content with it should do so. I can completely understand where they are coming from if they live a happy life. Why would you want to change that when reality may be bleak? Even though Plato said that we are blinded by this Empirical world and that we should widen our knowledge to venture into the Metaphysical world, the real world, my belief is that Plato took his theories a b it too far and that maybe he was questioning a bit too much and should just accept that this world is the only and real world there is. When we hit our head, it hurts. How can this not be the real world? I believe that an ignorant world does not exist, but a ignorant state of mind does. But as long people are content with that then why should it matter? Were not living their lives so it has no influence on us.

2014-2016 Ebola Crisis: US Preparedness

2014-2016 Ebola Crisis US PreparednessThe 2014-2016 Ebola Crisis and the Effects onU.S. Emergency PreparednessThe 2014-2016 Ebola crisis in western Africa proved to be a difficult lesson for the African countries unnatural as well as for the state of U.S. requisite preparedness when dealing with a comparatively unknow infectious distemper. Erupting from inwardly a Guinean prefecture in declination of 2013, the unsoundness would spread by Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia unchecked overdue to lack of sense and catch preparation due to the unfamiliarity of the malady (Baize et al., 2014). The World wellness Organization, Doctors without Borders, and the Centers for malady fake and Pr returnion, among others, would collaborate with pieceal g overnment and overt wellness officials to nail the disease, but the efforts would require spacious time, funding, education, and preparation, and would ultimately result in the loss of over 11,000 lives (Centers for indisposition Control and Prevention, 2014, 2016). It would be the largest Ebola bam known to date. While U.S. earthly concern health agencies and military based make would play a crucial role in the end to the eructation in 2016, the U.S. would have to come to legal injury with its own lack of planning and emergency preparedness when dealing with an imported infectious disease, and the fear and reservations that plagued its people and health care systems in its subsequentlymath.Emergencypreparedness has been determine by a myriad of natural disasters, epidemics, andpandemics that have sieged not only countries, but entire continents. It is thejourney in discovering how to approach, contain, serve, and prevent these masshealth crises from re-occurring in the future, that has given rise to thecomplex and unique strategies that keep the general population beneficial.These advances in prevention and containment, uncovered especi solelyy inthe wake of epidemics and pandemics such as the plag ue, Spanish Influenza,SARS, and as highlighted in this report, Ebola virus Disease, prove that the nourishive measures that responders on the front line must implement to keepdisaster at bay, must anticipate adaptable and ever fluid.TheWest African Ebola outbreak of 2014-2016 encroached upon the fears and concernsof continental Americans as never before in history. An elusive disease onlyknown by most to be a worry of inhabitants of the sub-Saharan kingdoms of theAfrican continent, Ebola was now knocking on Americas doorstep.To understand and right on weightlift thegravity of the Ebola outbreak, a general understanding of the virus and mostrecent outbreak is warranted. Ebola virus disease is one of two members of theFiloviridae virus family and is comprised of five differing variations at bottom itself (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Firstdiscovered within Africa in 1976 when two variations of the virus led tooutbreaks, the Sudan viral strain, or SUDV wit hin South Sudan, and the Ebolavirus strain, or EBOV, in the Democratic Republic of Congo, were introduced(Cenciarelli et al., 2015). The spread of the virus among humans is via contactwith give bodily fluids such as blood, vomit, feces, sweat, and urine, orcontaminated fomites (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014).However, the originating vectors are believed to be fruit bats, which arecommonly hunted and eaten as wild game in some fields of Africa, and otherwiseknown as bushmeat (Saz et al., 2014). Uponexposure to the virus, the incubation period prior to on assign of symptoms rangesanywhere from 2 to 21 solar sidereal days, with symptoms tending to manifest by day 8 throughday 10 post-exposure (Signs and Symptoms Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever CDC,2014). It has been identified that infected respective(prenominal)s are not contagiouswhile asymptomatic (Cenciarelli et al., 2015). The tell-talesymptoms of Ebola virus primarily begin with fever, which progresses to onseto f riotous diarrhea and honk usually after 3 to 5 days of fever (Chertow etal., 2014). Accompanied with pain, lethargy, and secondary complications(including hemorrhaging) that occur if the patient of is not given adjuvant word, the rapid deterioration in health that transpires due tohypovolemia, shock, or multi-organ failure, will ultimately lead to death(Chertow et al., 2014). Survivors of the virus tend to remedy near day10 of active viral symptoms and are generally expected to live once they havemade it to day 13 (Chertow et al., 2014). Those that do not improve and succumbto the virus tend to pass away betwixt days 7 and 12 of viral infection(Chertow et al., 2014). The field fatality rates for the Ebola virus rangeanywhere from 50% to 90%, and to date there is still no definitive cureavailable (World wellness Organization, 2018). Theunfolding of the 2014-2016 crisis was fast, and the virus rearing by the timethe nature of the culprit had been by rights unmasked. A sudde n rashof ailment exhibiting the characteristics of a filovirus, was low report byhealth agencies within the Guckdou and Macenta prefectures in Guinea in Marchof 2014, raising the initial red flag of outbreak (Baize et al., 2014). Ateam of professionals was sent to the area in mid-March by Medecins sansFrontieres, also known as Doctors without Borders, and query began thatsame month to uncover the cause of the illnesses (Baize et al., 2014). Coinciding with the beginning ofsurveillance and research of the outbreak of illness by Doctors without Bordersin March of 2014, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, or CDC, alsoarrived on deck with a small team, lending an additive hand with research andguidance to the Guinean government. The CDC had already maintained a actualizeivepresence in Guinea, Sierra Leone, and Liberia, due to the tending that itoffered in vaccination of the population, and other public health relatedprograms including combating diseases such as malaria and polio (Bell et al,2016). Alongside the World Health Organization, UNICEF and InternationalFederation of Red Cross partners, a structured, five-pronged investigationemerged, with the Guinean government primarily orchestrating the responseefforts (Dahl et al., 2016). Extensiveinvestigation and contact tracing led the researchers to surmise that theillness was in situation the EBOV, or Ebola virus, and that the suspected patientzero was a 2-year old from Meliandou in the Guckdou prefecture (Baize et al.,2014). The toddler had succumbed to the virus in celestial latitude of 2013, with thesecond through fourth victims passing afterwards the hobby January, allwithin the same prefecture of Guckdou (Baize et al., 2014). The agencies worked side by side with theGuinean Ministries of Health to get ahead of the outbreak, as surveillancemethods in the region demanded strengthening to debilitate the spread of adisease known to have high case fatality rates, exhibiting at that time aninit ial 71% case fatality rate (Baize et al., 2014). TheCDC, alongside the other agencies worked to support the various villages,towns, and districts through continued tracing of contacts, providing educationregarding contact precautions, safety when isolating those that were ill or emfly ill, as well as options for handling the deceased with care (Bellet al, 2016). Researchers were able to discover that it was a healthcareworker, or the 14th victim, that initiated the spread of EBOV external of the Guckdou boundaries, with further incidences popping up insurrounding areas such as Kissidougou and Macenta (Baize et al., 2014).Research indicated that at the close of March, there were well over cytosinepotential EBOV cases in Guinea, with almost 80 dead (Baize et al., 2014).Thevoracity at which the disease spread would be fueled by unchecked touch offing ofcontacts between Guinea and its surrounding countries, as well as individualsand healthcare workers in contact with the homes, surrou ndings, and families ofthose sick or becoming sick, unaware that the illness was in fact Ebola, andextremely infectious (Ebola in Sierra Leone A slow start to an outbreak that finally outpaced all others, 2015). By April of 2014, the presence ofEbola had been officially confirmed in Sierra Leone and Liberia (Bell et al,2016). The first case of Ebola in SierraLeone is believed to have been a woman that attended the burial of the patientzero in Meliandou in December of 2013 (Ebola in Sierra Leone A slow start toan outbreak that eventually outpaced all others, 2015). The woman was seemingly still in the home of the family of the first case when they too fellill, and later returned to her home in Sierra Leone, where she subsequently becamesick and passed away (Ebola in Sierra Leone A slow start to an outbreak thateventually outpaced all others, 2015). The Lofa County in Liberia, whichskirts the Guinean border, was able to confirm its first cases of Ebola at theend of March 2014 (A timel ine of the Ebola outbreak, 2014). Bythe end of April 2014, there were well over 200 cases crosswise the region,however it appeared that the amount of cases was stabilizing, and on thedecline in areas such as Liberia (Briand et al., 2014, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). However, afterthe next two months of apparent stability, reporting indicated a renewed upwardtrend in Ebola cases, and the fresh report of confirmed Ebola cases in the cityof capital of Liberia, the heavily populated capital of Liberia, expose an explodingtime bomb of infection (Liberia A country-and its capital-are overwhelmed withEbola cases, 2015). Evenwith the best efforts of all participating agencies, it had become elusive tokeep up with the massive chains of potential contacts, and with the disease nowappearing in Monrovia, Liberia, the city was found to be ill-prepared to dealwith such a contagion, allowing it to spread like wildfire (World HealthOrganization, 2015). It is notable to honou r that West Africa had notexperienced an Ebola outbreak of any measurable magnitude, and the experienceand lessons in containing the disease were bestowed upon those countries suchas the Democratic Republic of Congo, and Uganda (World Health Organization,2015). Monrovias major health center was in desperate call for of repairs and hadlimited resources, in turn opening the door for widespread infection ofhealthcare personnel on top of the patient care load (Liberia A country-andits capital-are overwhelmed with Ebola cases, 2015). With the onset ofJuly, cases of Ebola doubled in Liberia, and a rising trend of infectionpersisted in Guinea and Sierra Leone (Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, 2016). This rash of new cases that nowplagued the region prompted the CDC to employ an Emergency Operations Center,or EOC, on July 9th, 2014 (Dahl et al., 2016). The engagement ofthis surgical process led the CDC to forward task an increased presence of personnelto directly assist the regi onal governments, supplying epidemiologists, laboratoryscientists and a plethora of supportive provide (Dahl et al., 2016). WHO, UNICEF,and Doctors without Borders remained prominently active during theamplification of support, and with the increased presence of American avail, allagencies worked tirelessly with the local government leaders and Ministries ofHealth to establish a much- urgencyed emergency caution plan capable ofsupporting and withstanding the outbreak (Dahl et al., 2016).As the supportive efforts amongst first respondersand the new cases of Ebola both drew to a fervor in the other(a) summer of 2014,American citizens and other countries became aware of the uniqueness of thisEbola outbreak. Word spread globally ofthe first case of Ebola transported into Nigeria in July of 2014 (Fasina et al.,2014).Flying from Liberia to Nigeria after exposure to the disease, the individualwas symptomatic in flight, and succumbed to the illness on the button 5 days after theflight into Nigeria (Fasina et al.,2014). The individual was Patrick Sawyer, anAmerican citizen from Minnesota (Man Who Died of Ebolain Nigeria Was American Citizen Wife, 2014). A domestic of Liberia, but anAmerican citizen, Mr. Sawyer had been working and living in Liberia, while hiswife and children continued to reside in the joined States (Minnesota Man WhoDied of Ebola in Nigeria Was American Citizen Wife, 2014). On July 31st, 2014, a few daysafter the death of Patrick Sawyer, the Centers for Disease Control andPrevention issued a class 3 travel warning, advising against travel to theaffected region, and highlighting measures being taken to screen travelersleaving the region to ensure that they are not infected (Centersfor Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). Along with this advisory, theCDC also reported an additional advisory issued to U.S. healthcare workers, toaddress protocols to be followed when addressing the possibility ofencountering potentially infected patients (Centers for Disease Control andPrevention, 2014). As confirmed cases throughout the affected region peaked toover 1300, with over 700 dead, the CDC announced in the July 2014 advisory thatthe United States would continue to work with international partners over thenext several years to facilitate strengthen and enhance emergency response efforts inthe region, with the president of the United States aiming to dedicate $45 billion dollars towards the cause (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2014, 2016). The steps that the United States would need to taketo ensure its own readiness to handle Ebola would soon be put to the test, whenaround the same time that the CDC issued its health alert and travel advisory,it was announced that two American healthcare workers had contracted Ebolawhile stationed in Monrovia, Liberia (CBS/AP,2014). In late July of 2014, Dr.Kent Brantly, a doctor employed in a post-residency adjust with the aid groupSamaritans round off, became infected with Ebola w hile serving as a medicaldirector in relief efforts in the area (CBS/AP,2014). Nancy Writebol, an aid worker with the groupcalled Serving in Mission, had also contracted Ebola in the same timeframewhile working as a hygienist in the Samaritans Purse Ebola care center(CBS/AP,2014). Plans immediately commenced to arrange for the workers to betransported back to the United States to continue supportive care (Achenbach,Dennis, & Hogan, 2014).As part of the CDCs recent health alert, healthcareagencies within the United States were advised to inquire of patients if theyhave recently traveled to or from the West African region within the prior21-day timeframe (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 2014). The CDCstressed the importance of healthcare provider awareness of the signs andsymptoms of Ebola, as well as activation of isolation and contact procedures immediatelyupon any qualm of the disease (2014).Just as West Africa had never experienced an Ebolaoutbreak, the CDC was also a ware that U.S. healthcare facilities had neverdealt with the Ebola disease head on, and problems could arise if facilitieswere not properly equipped to handle infected patients (morbidness and MortalityWeekly Report (MMWR), 2017). Thus, inplanning for the transport of Dr. Brantly and Mrs. Writebol, plans werecemented to arrange for their arrival at Emory University Hospital in capital of Georgia(Achenbach, Dennis, & Hogan, 2014). Emory University Hospital is one offour facilities across the United States that can treat patients diagnosed withhighly infectious diseases (Courage, 2014). Thetwo-room isolation unit housed within Emory Hospital, and constructed in handwith the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, provides an optimalenvironment for healthcare personnel and patients when managing infectiousdiseases (Courage, 2014). Touting state of the art digital pressure monitoring,negative air pressure and HEPA filtration, a safe zone workspace and prep area,contained bathroom f acilities, and specialized laboratory space, workers can immanently care for a patient without risk of any contact with the remainderof the knack (Courage, 2014). Regarding medicalwaste, which is a key concern when dealing with highly infectious cases, thehospital dilutes all bodily waste in toilets with bleach for a set period priorto flushing, and all other items to include personal protective equipment from ply, and other solid items are sanitized and then incinerated (Courage,2014).The remainingthree facilities across the United States with comparable biocontainmentfacilities include the National Institutes of Healths Special Clinical StudiesUnit located in Bethesda, MD, the University of Nebraska Medical CentersBiocontainment Patient electric charge Unit, and Saint Patrick Hospital in Missoula, MT(Courage, 2014). As Dr. Brantly arrivedat Emory University Hospital at the end of July 2014, followed by Mrs. Writebolin the first week of August, President Obama turn to the United Statesregarding the outbreak, assuring the American public that screening precautionsin airports were in effect in West Africa and in the United States to reducethe risk of infected individuals entering the country (Achenbach, Dennis, & Hogan, 2014).Bythe 8th of August in 2014, the West African Ebola Virus epidemic hadbecome extreme enough for the World Health Organization to make aninternational announcement, that the situation had now become an emergencydetrimental to public health (Cenciarelli et al., 2015.) By this time,the total cases over the region equated to just over 1700, with deaths risingto near 1000 (Centers for DiseaseControl and Prevention, 2016).The numbers of cases and deaths associated with the current outbreakexceeded the worst Ebola outbreak previously documented in Uganda in the year2000, where there were 425 cases and 244 deaths (Bell et al., 2016). Theimplementation of this Public Health Emergency of International Concern, orPHEIC, by the World Health Organiz ation, is a deliberate tool meant to be usedwhen disaster calls (Briand et al., 2014). Meant to put emergency plansinto action with the assistance of international partners, the beginning ofcollaborative efforts would begin to aid in mitigating the toll that the virushas taken on the affected countries. Inresponse to the emergency declaration by the World Health Organization, the CDCwould in turn increase the amount of personnel that it had deployed to the area(Dahl et al., 2016). The White theatre followed suit with an official press release detailing the U.S. responseto the crisis. On September 16, 2014, the White place relayed the expansion offunding and support to the evolving outbreak (The White House Office of thePress Secretary, 2014). Along with supplying additional U.S. funding to bring atotal of almost $175 million invested collectively towards various supportiveefforts, the White House also activated a cell of U.S. Africa Command personnelto provide on ground support in Liberia to arrange operational oversight of theU.S. based activities aligned with response efforts (The White House Office ofthe Press Secretary, 2014). The press release also entailed the deployment ofadditional personnel through the U.S Disaster Assistance Response Team, orDART, as well as the supply of care kits, reproduction, and the institution ofadditional Ebola Treatment Units, as well as laboratory support (The WhiteHouse Office of the Press Secretary, 2014).Thelatter only briefly touches on some of the response efforts tenanted by the U.S.in support of the affected region, however the need for effective emergencymanagement measures would hit home, when just days after the White House pressrelease, a man whom had recently traveled from Liberia to Texas to attend hissons graduation, would arrive at the emergency room of Texas HealthPresbyterian Hospital in Dallas, TX (Chevalier et al., 2014, VOA News, 2014). TexasHealth Presbyterians ER would send Thomas Duncan home after t reating him forwhat was believed to be sinusitis (Chevalier et al., 2014). Presenting to theER with a fever, headache and stomach pain, Mr. Duncan had informed the staffthat he had recently arrived from Africa, and while this information wasdocumented in his record, the ER physician at that time somehow overlooked it,and did not conclude that Ebola virus disease should be suspected (Dallas News,2014). The hospital would later acknowledge this oversight, as three dayslater, Mr. Duncan would be transported to the Texas Presbyterian Hospitals ER,this time via ambulance, with an exacerbation of symptoms to include vomitingand diarrhea (Dallas News, 2014, VOA News, 2014). This time, Mr. Duncansrecent arrival from Liberia would be accounted for in his medical assessment,and subsequent testing would conclude that he was in fact infected with Ebola(Dallas News, 2014). pull aheadexposing the fissures within the handling of this case, the hospitals holdingcompany later acknowledged that the clinician training regarding the Ebolavirus had been available but was not required of staff at the time when Mr.Duncan presented to the facility (Dallas News,2014). The facility was also awareof the CDC health alert from July of 2014 that stressed the possibility of aninfected traveler arriving in America due to the magnitude of the outbreak, andthe need for American healthcare facilities to be on the lookout for the verysymptoms Mr. Duncan presented with on September 25th, 2014 (Dallas News,2014). As a result, numerous peoplewould need to be traced and evaluated relating to their contact with Mr. Duncanduring his travel and after his arrival to Dallas, TX. As Texas responders and the CDC personnelworked to trace the 48 potential contacts for Mr. Duncan, the man wouldeventually succumb to the disease on October 8th, 2014, becomingAmericas first death from Ebola Virus Disease (VOANews, 2014.)Some experts say that the initial misdiagnosisof Mr. Duncan is due to human error, since tra vel should have been an essentialquestion asked of the patient upon assessment by the physician (Dallas news,2014). However other experts acknowledge the difficulty of identifying adisease that has never been diagnosed on American territory (Dallas news, 2014). Itwas more than than likely a combination of these factors that led to the results ofMr. Duncans case, and while Texas health officials dealt with the missteps ofthe event, just 3 days after Mr. Duncans death, one of the nurses thatparticipated in his care would be diagnosed with Ebola, with a second nursetesting positive 4 days after the first (McCarty et al., 2014). The secondnurse diagnosed with Ebola after pickings care of Mr. Duncan, reported that shehad traveled to Ohio from Texas prior to her diagnosis (McCarty et al., 2014). Enlisting the CDC to support in guidance andtraining, Ohio public health officials began the process of tracing contacts(McCarty et al., 2014). Learning throughfirst-hand experience how to ident ify and monitor individuals that may haveinteracted with the infected nurse, as well as how to prepare local healthfacilities regarding ability to properly triage, isolate, and safely transportinfected patients, Ohio officials hoped to avert a crisis while assuring theprotection of healthcare staff and the general population (McCarty et al., 2014). The total effort in Ohio wasextensive and required cooperation from a considerable portion of the statescounties, with 164 contacts to follow (McCarty et al., 2014). While most of thefacilities were determined to be ready to act in the event of an active case ofEbola, the transportation plans and other points of coordination such astransfers between various agencies needed to be established, and theinformation gleaned from this real-world scenario exemplified the necessity forhealthcare facilities to have these forms of emergency preparedness already inplace (McCarty et al., 2014).Asthe number of Ebola cases continued to escalate in the W est African region,with confirmed diagnoses reaching over 8,000 into the first couple weeks ofOctober 2014, and deaths numbering over 4,000, the American public attempted toprocess that two of its own had contracted Ebola on U.S. soil (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention,2016). panic pervaded the comfortzones of many Americans. Some protested allowing anyone from the Africancontinent to travel to the United States, while others feared encounteringindividuals that had been anywhere near Africa (Sanburn, 2014). During thevarious stages of emergency preparedness in Ohio after the turn of eventssurrounding Mr. Duncan, one business closed when it was learned that anemployee was a contact of the Ebola-positive nurse from Texas (Sanburn, 2014).The fear of infection also hit healthcare workers particularly hard. As theinvestigation ensued into how the two nurses in Texas acquired the Ebola virus,despite employing protective measures, the uncertainty regarding thereliability and prop er use of personal protective equipment (PPE) againstEbola, was compounded with the question of whether training among healthcarepersonnel was effectively being implemented (Fernandez, 2014). Both nurses recovered from the disease, andthe biocontainment ready facilities in Nebraska and Atlanta would abide on tosuccessfully treat up to 11 total Ebola-positive patients transferred from theWest African region by April of 2015 (Hewett, Varkey, Smith, & Ribner,2015). The successful treatment andability to prevent cross-infection of other healthcare workers proved that theU.S. could properly manage an uncommon infectious disease abroad and at home. Howeverthe initial problems that led to the fear and uncertainty of the aftermath ofEbola virus disease within the United States, point to unfamiliarity with thedisease in general, as well as lack of preparedness at a level that allowed forproper management of a highly infectious patient from the moment they presentto a healthcare facility to diagnosis and commensurate care (Hewett, Varkey, Smith, & Ribner, 2015).Management of Ebola virus demands an intricately woven web of planning andpreparation that not only carries the foresight of how to identify potentialcases, but how to prepare healthcare staff to properly protect themselves anduse PPE, how and when to arrange the transport of a patient while preserving achain of clean and safe hand-off with all involved agencies, and how toconserve the safety of all personnel throughout (Hewett, Varkey, Smith, &Ribner, 2015). This lesson hearkens to the explosion of the outbreak in WestAfrica as well. Unfamiliar with Ebola virus, many care centers in the affectedregion attributed initial cases of Ebola to more familiar diseases endemic tothe area, such as malaria and yellow fever (World Health Organization, 2015). Acombination of initial misinterpretation of disease, lack of effective protocolsthat would have prevented the free burning spread of cases in both the healthcarefaci lities and in the civilian sector, populations were simply unaware of thegravity of the situation until it was too late (World Health Organization,2015).The2014-2016 Ebola outbreak highlighted the need within the United States tofilter more time, attention, and funding into research and planning to dealwith unique public health emergencies such as Ebola virus (Gostin, Hodge, &Burris, 2015). U.S. assistance via the CDC, U.S. public health affiliates andaid organizations, in hand with military support, was crucial to the eventualcontainment of the Ebola crisis in West Africa. Clinical trials would lead tothe implementation of a bright vaccination against Ebola known as ZMapp,however a cure remains out of reach to date (U.S. Department of Health and Human Services, 2016).As the outbreak finally died out in 2016, with over 28,000 cases and over11,000 deaths collectively, a haunting reminder of mistakes and lessons learnedwould follow all agencies and countries involved (Centers for Dis ease Control and Prevention, 2016). The capital of Arizona that would arise from this eventis the understanding that the United States would be required to fortify itspublic health awareness and planning, along with tightening emergencypreparedness protocols to remain ahead of the inevitability that one day,another infectious disease may find its way to Americas doorstep.ReferencesAchenbach, J., Dennis, B., & Hogan, C. (2014,August 02). Special air ambulance to carry American Ebola victims to Atlantafor treatment. Retrieved from https//www.washingtonpost.com/national/health-science/us-confirms-2-americans-with-ebola-coming-home-for-treatment/2014/08/01/c20a27cc-1995-11e4-9e3b-7f2f110c6265_story.html?utm_term=.da406c3c7030A timeline of the Ebolaoutbreak. (2014, November 29). Retrieved from http//www.abc.net.au/news/2014-10-22/ebola-timeline-worst-outbreak-in-history/5831876Bell BP, Damon IK, Jernigan DB, et al. Overview,Control Strategies, and Lessons Learned in the CDC Response to the 20142016Ebola Epidemic. MMWR Suppl 201665(Suppl-3)411. DOI http//dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6503a2Briand, S., Bertherat, E., Cox, P., Formenty, P.,Kieny, M. P., Myhre, J. K., & Dye, C. (2014). The international Ebolaemergency. New England journal of Medicine, 371(13), 1180-1183.CBS/AP. (2014, July 27). Two Americans infected withdeadly Ebola virus in West Africa. Retrieved from https//www.cbsnews.com/news/american-doctor-in-west-africa-contracts-deadly-ebola-virus/Cenciarelli, O., Pietropaoli, S., Malizia, A.,Carestia, M., DAmico, F., Sassolini, A., & Palombi, L. (2015). Ebolavirus disease 2013-2014 outbreak in west Africa an analysis of the epidemicspread and response. International journal of microbiology, 2015.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014,April 07). Viral Hemorrhagic Fevers (VHFs). Retrieved fromhttps//www.cdc.gov/vhf/virus-families/filoviridae.htmlCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014,July 28). CDC Newsroom. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.go v/media/releases/2014/t0728-ebola.htmlCenters for Disease Control and Prevention. (2014,July 31). CDC Newsroom. Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/media/releases/2014/p0731-ebola.htmlCenters for Disease Controland Prevention. (2016, April 14). Ebola (Ebola Virus Disease). Retrieved fromhttps//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/outbreaks/2014-west-africa/previous-case-counts.htmlhttps//www.cdc.gov/mmWR/ preview/mmwrhtml/mm6346a9.htmChertow, D. S., Kleine, C., Edwards, J. K., Scaini,R., Giuliani, R., & Sprecher, A. (2014). Ebola virus disease in WestAfricaclinical manifestations and management. New England Journal ofMedicine, 371(22), 2054-2057.Chevalier, M. S., Chung, W., Smith, J., Weil, L. M.,Hughes, S. M., Joyner, S. N., & Threadgill, H. (2014). Ebola virusdisease cluster in the United StatesDallas County, Texas, 2014.MMWR.Morbidity and mortality weekly report,63(46), 1087-1088.Courage, K. H. (2014, October 24). Inside the 4 U.S.Biocontainment Hospitals That Are Stopping Ebola Video. Retrieved from https//www.scientificamerican.com/article/inside-the-4-u-s-biocontainment-hospitals-that-are-stopping-ebola-video/Dahl BA, Kinzer MH, Raghunathan PL, et al. CDCsResponse to the 20142016 Ebola Epidemic Guinea, Liberia, and Sierra Leone.MMWR Suppl 201665(Suppl-3)1220. DOI http//dx.doi.org/10.15585/mmwr.su6503a3Dallas News. (2014, December 07). ER doctor discussesrole in Ebola patients initial misdiagnosis. Retrieved from https//www.dallasnews.com/news/news/2014/12/06/er-doctor-discusses-role-in-ebola-patients-initial-misdiagnosisEbola in Sierra Leone Aslow start to an outbreak that eventually outpaced all others. (2015, November10). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/one-year-report/sierra-leone/en/Fasina, F. O., Shittu, A., Lazarus, D., Tomori, O.,Simonsen, L., Viboud, C., & Chowell, G. (2014). Transmission dynamics andcontrol of Ebola virus disease outbreak in Nigeria, July to September2014.Eurosurveillance,19(40), 20920.Fernandez, M. (2014, October 12). 2nd E bola Case inU.S. Stokes Fears of Health Care Workers. Retrieved from https//www.nytimes.com/2014/10/13/us/texas-health-worker-tests-positive-for-ebola.htmlFreedman, A. (2014, October 16). Americas 4 EbolaHospitals Can Only Hold 9 Patients. Retrieved from https//mashable.com/2014/10/16/ebola-us-hospital-capacity/jlTEhWW9igq9Frieden, T. R., & Damon, I. K. (2015). Ebola inWest AfricaCDCs business office in Epidemic Detection, Control, and Prevention. EmergingInfectious Diseases, 21(11), 18971905. http//doi.org/10.3201/eid2111.150949Gostin, L. O., Hodge, J. G., & Burris, S. (2014).Is the United States Prepared for Ebola?.Jama,312(23),2497-2498.Hewlett, A. L., Varkey, J. B., Smith, P. W., &Ribner, B. S. (2015). Ebola virus disease preparedness and infection controllessons learned from two biocontainment units.Current whimsy ininfectious diseases,28(4), 343.Liberia A country-and itscapital-are overwhelmed with Ebola cases. (2015, October 01). Retrieved from http//www.who.int/csr/disease /ebola/one-year-report/liberia/en/Man Who Died of Ebola in Nigeria Was American CitizenWife. (2014, July 29). Retrieved from https//www.nbcnews.com/storyline/ebola-virus-outbreak/man-who-died-ebola-nigeria-was-american-citizen-wife-n167546McCarty, C. L., Basler, C., Karwowski, M., Erme, M.,Nixon, G., Kippes, C., & Stone, N. D. (2014). Response to importationof a case of Ebola virus diseaseOhio, October 2014.Morbidity andMortality Weekly Report,63(46), 1089-1091.Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR). (2017,July 17). Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/volumes/65/su/su6503a8.htmResponse to Importation of a Case of Ebola VirusDisease Ohio, October 2014. (2014, November 14). Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/mm63e1114a6.htmSaz, A. M., Weiss, S., Nowak, K., Lapeyre, V.,Zimmermann, F., Dx, A., & Sachse, A. (2014). Investigating thezoonotic origin of the West African Ebola epidemic. EMBO molecular medicine,e201404792.Sanburn, J. (2014, October 20). Ebola Psychology ofFear During Disease Outbreak. Retrieved from http//time.com/3525666/ebola-psychology-fear-symptoms/Signs and Symptoms Ebola Hemorrhagic Fever CDC.(2014, November 2). Retrieved from https//www.cdc.gov/vhf/ebola/symptoms/index.htmlThe White House Office of the Press Secretary. (2014,September 16). FACT SHEET U.S. Response to the Ebola Epidemic in West Africa.Retrieved from https//obamawhitehouse.archives.gov/the-press-office/2014/09/16/fact-sheet-us-response-ebola-epidemic-west-africaU.S. Department of Health and Human Services. (2016,October 13). Study finds Ebola treatment ZMapp holds promise, although resultsnot definitive. Retrieved fromhttps//www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/study-finds-ebola-treatment-zmapp-holds-promise-although-results-not-definitiveVOA News. (2014, October 08). Liberian Man Infectedwith Ebola Dies at Texas Hospital. Retrieved from https//www.voanews.com/a/second-un-staffer-infected-iwth-ebola-in-liberia/2476380.htmlWorld Health Organizatio n. (2015, September 22).Factors that contributed to undetected spread of the Ebola virus and impededrapid containment. Retrieved from http//www.who.int/csr/disease/ebola/one-year-report/factors/en/World Health Organization. (2018, January). Ebola virusdisease. RetrievedMarch1, 2018, fromhttp//www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs103/en/

Performance of the Bretton Wood System

Performance of the Bretton Wood establishmentTHE PERFORMANCE OF THE BRETTON WOOD SYSTEMThis examine will assess the deed of the Bretton Wood system which was first established in 1944 by 730 delegates from all 44 Allied nations who gathered at the Mount Washington Hotel in Bretton timber, sweet Hampshire, United States, and began an international control of planetary monetary relations between nations. The essay will show that the system has been relatively successful and contri anded to struggleds the phylogeny of global free trade amongst nations and helped prevent the kind of economic disasters such as the big(p) Depression of the 1930s, which was felt to have been one of the causes of universe state of war 11. However, the essay will also argue that criticism of the Bretton woodwind instrument as merely the vehicle for US hegemony over the international parsimoniousness is also justified.The Bretton Woods System began in 1944 with the United Nations Monetary and Fin ancial Conference, and established the external Monetary Fund (IMF) andthe supranational argot for Reconstruction and Development (IBRD). In the red-hot compact on the monetary system, each country member must ensure the modify rate of its currency is re master(prenominal)ed within a fixed value,in terms of amber and for the IMF to help support countries suffering temporary imbalances of payments (Markwell, 2006).The Bretton Woods agreement came near the end of a introduction war that had devastated the globe and many thought that the war itself was partly a result of the economic policies of the pre-war years. In the 1930s the United States preferred policies of isolationism that led them to demand repayment of Allied war debts from World War 1 and caused countries to independently set economic conditions for global trade that cause deflationary problems that aggravated the decline of world trade, led to mass unemployment and negatively bear upon the majority of the economi es of the developed world. The most serious outcome was the decline in the international flow of capital and the retarding of development of international investment. The War left the main economies awargon that peace could only be maintained if countries cooperated and efficiently managed the value and step in rates of currencies. As Cordell Hull (US Secretary of State) argue if there was a freer system of trading where countries treated fairly and eased on trading regulations, they could all raise their living standards, therefore, economic development would be a dovish competition, thus eliminating the economic dissatisfaction that breeds war (Hull, 1948, p.81)Keynesian economic theory was now the dominant foundation of most countries economic policy-making and this forced a greater character for bafflement in trade with national politics based on governments assuming a responsibility towards all their citizens. The War also left countries sapidity a clear need for economic cooperation and peace to be maintained through with(predicate) trade and that trade to be structured by an international monetary system based on free markets (Markwell, 2006). However, it was the plan of Harry Dexter White from the US Treasury, rather than Keyness own plan that was the main framework for the Bretton system, and this showed from the outset that the dominant nation in the system would be the USA, leading to accusations that the Bretton system is little more than an economic vehicle for American hegemony (Strange, 1996)The first goal of the new approach to global trade was post-war reconstruction of the devastated economies of Europe and Asia. The Bretton Woods system, as the first example of a fully negotiated monetary order intended to govern currency relations among sovereign states (Cohen, 2009, p.1). However, the reality was that Europe and large parts of Asia were in virtual economic pucker due to the World War and the reality of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) needed to also be supported by an International Bank for Reconstruction and Development, now known as the World Bank (WB). The system was designed to regulate the par value exchange rates and lend reserve currencies to nations with trade deficits thus enabling them with international supporter to re-build their economies and later to help finance the poor or developing countries with their reconstruction projects (Stephey, 2008, p.1)If we examine how nations did recover from the War and the impressive development in the 1950s and sixties of countries like Germany and Japan, then our assessment of this period of the Bretton Woods, aligned with the Marshal Plan for reconstruction, must agree that Bretton was a positive influence and relatively of some success. The Great Depression in the 1930s was due to the lack of a leading, dominant state to play a hegemonic role in the international economy. In Bretton Woods institutions the US dollar was the dominant currency and bec ame the extension of American hegemony to the international economy (Stephey, 2008, p.2). However, as Susan Strange noted, any multilateral institution might break down merely the instruments of the structural strategy and foreign policy of the dominant state, and for many critics of the IMF and the World Bank, the problem is the dominance through these institutions of the majority of the globes nations by a very few powerful nations led by the US (Strange, 1996).The IMF is disclosen as a multilateral institution that lends money to governments to stabilize currencies and maintain order in international financial markets. However, its lending carries stringent loan conditions that many see as contributing to worsening conditions for the majority of citizens in the countries that are least fitting to compete with the economic might of developed countries (Strange, 1996).The IMF is supposed to focus on creating a stable climate for international trade by harmonising its members mon etary policies, and maintaining exchange stability (Bretton Woods Project, 2005). It can provide temporary financial assistance to countries encountering difficulties with their balance of payments and it is based on consensual decision-making with the aim of lot countries whose economies are under-developed or in crisis (Bretton Woods Project, 2005). However, to assess the success of this one has to evaluate the degree of fairness in IMF/World Bank strategies and many critics, like Strange (1996) and Mazzei (2007) are highly critical of the true purpose of the Bretton Woods System. For example, Mazzei (2007) finds that it is the poor countries that actually finance the World Bank and not the other way around (p.2). Mazzei notes how that for 20 years poor countries have financed the World Bank, while it is rich countries that contribute only 1/4 of total fund and yet it is them who hold 3/4 of the votes (p.2).The first major point of concern for the global economy was in 1971 when the US used its power over the global economy through the Bretton Woods system to protect its own interests against those of the rest of the world. The United States unilaterally terminated convertibility of the dollar to gold. The US could now unilaterally control the global economy by insisting that the United States dollar became the sole backing of currencies and a reserve currency for all the member states (Strange, 1996, p.20). This actually led to the virtual collapse of the Bretton Woods System in the 1970s and plunged the world into economic decline while it fought to adjust to the changes brought about by US policies (Strange, 1996 Cohen, 2009, Calleo and Rowland, 1973). The US ended the ligature of the Dollar to the Gold Standard and left it and other global currencies to float free. Keynes had originally planned that the world adopt a global currency but it was adoption in 1944 of Dexter Whites own plan to make the dominant trading currency of the world the Dollar that h ad structured the future policies of the IMF/World Bank and allowed the US to have the power to dominate the globes trade.By the 1970s the US was coming under strong criticism for its unilateral control of global trading. french President Charles De Gaulle claimed that the international monetary system allowed the United States to live beyond its means and forced the European surplus countries to finance Americas military empire afield (Gavin, 2002, p.4). The Bretton Woods system was designed to separate monetary economic policies from power politics, and yet, by the 1970s it had become highly politicized and required constant political incumbrance to keep the system functioning smoothly (Gavin, 2002, p.5). The faults of the Bretton Woods System were listed by Bordo (1991, p.20) as the gold exchange standard, which placed the United States under threat of a convertibility crisis secondly the problems with the adjustable peg, because, in the face of growing capital mobility, the c osts of discrete changes in parities were deemed so high, the system evolved into a reluctant fixed exchange rate system without any effective adjustment mechanism and finally that U.S. monetary policy was inappropriate for a key currency. Thus, the Bretton Woods System collapsed in the 1970s but its basic institution of the IMF and subsequently the World Bank remain as the guiding bodies of the international economy.The World Banks task is lending to promote the growth of world trade and to finance the post-war reconstruction of European economies. It is a multilateral institution that lends money to governments and government agencies for development projects. However, the Bank also imposes jolting conditions through Structural Adjustment Programs, forcing countries to adopt reforms, deregulate capital markets, promote privatisation of state enterprises, and downsize public programs for social welfare. This results in policies such as privatisation of utility suppliers, manner o f speaking in fees and privatisation of education and health services. For its critics the World Bank and IMF have become the contributors to the persistence of world poverty rather than vanguard for preventing it and represent not the interests of the global society but rather the interests of Wall Street and the United States Treasury Department (Strange 1996, Cohen, 2009, Markwell, 2006)In contrast, the supporters of the World Bank insist that the Bank is an institution in which the rich developed countries can serve to improve the global economy and the capacity of countries to trade by lending money to war-ravaged and impoverished countries for reconstruction and development projects (www.imf.org).Thus, in assessing the success of the Bretton Woods System and its subsequent trading organisations such as the IMF and the World Bank, one can see a very opposite analysis depending on your political affiliation. Rather than separate power politics from global trading, the System ha s become directly linked to the fortunes and hegemony of the US. Its record in helping a devastated globe recover from the affects of World War 11 is very good and the global economy has grown over each decade. However, its critics still see it as chiefly dominated by the US and its allies and whilst it continues to support the growth of trade its image as a vehicle mainly for the US retards how well its future role in the global economy will be judged by the growing economic powers of countries like China and India.ReferenceBloch, F.L. (1977) The Origins of International Economic Disorder, Berkeley and Los Angeles University of California PressBordo Michael (1991)The Bretton Woods International Monetary System An Historical Overview, Chicago press, USBretton Woods Project,( 2005) What are the Bretton Woods Institutions, www.brettonwoodsproject.comCalleo, D.P. and Rowland, B.M. (1973) America and the World Political Economy, Bloomington, IN Indiana University PressCohen, Bernard (20 09) Bretton Woods System, USA, RoutledgeEichengreen, B. (1996) globoseizing Capital A History of the International Monetary System, Princeton, NJ Princeton UniversityGavin Francis (2002) The Gold Battles Within the Cold War Diplomatic History, US.Hull, Cordell (1948). The Memoirs of Cordell Hull vol. 1. New York Macmillan.Keynes, John Maynard (2007) 1936. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Basingstoke, Hampshire Palgrave MacmillanMarkwell Donald, (2006) John Maynard Keynes and International Relations Economic Paths to War and Peace, Oxford University Press,Mazzei, Umberto (2007) The Temple of Capital is Cracking, Ventana Global , SpainStephey M J (2008) A Brief History of the Bretton Woods System, Time Magazine, USAStrange, S. (1976) International Economic Relations of the Western World 1959-1971, Vol. 2 International Monetary Relations, London and New York Oxford University PressStrange Susan (1996) The retreat of the State The Diffusion of Power in the World Ec onomy UK, Cambridge PressInternet sourcesM.J. Stephey, Bretton Woods System Brief paper,Time CNN, Tuesday, Oct. 21, 2008. Availbale from http//www.time.com/time/business/article/0,8599,1852254,00.htmlixzz0gvqYryL2 accessed 23 March 2010The World BankWeb Document Available online from http//www.globalpolicy.org/social-and-economic-policy/the-three-sisters-and-other-institutions/the-world-bank.html accessed 23 March 2010What are the Bretton Woods Institutions? Published Tuesday 23rd sublime 2005, last edited Thursday 25th January 2007online available from http//www.brettonwoodsproject.org/item.shtml?x=320747 accessed 23 March 2010

Natural Family Planning :: essays research papers fc

The Natural Failure of Planning Are modern forms of contraception naturally and righteously wrong? Pope Paul VI and his Humanae Vitae declare that technological methods of birth control are im chaste and should not be near by Catholics. However, as our modern society illustrates everyday, this opinion is inappropriate for not only the faithful of the Roman Catholic Church, but also for non-Catholics. According to Munich Archbishop aboriginal Julius Doepfner, Contraception is not intrinsically evil (The Politics of Sex and Religion). There is a fine line the Catholic church draws between natural methods of family prep and the immoral methods of modern technology. After close review of Catholic doctrines, it is clear that this line does not exist. The intentions behind the actions are what matters. Therefore the encyclical of Paul VI , while maintaining good intentions, cannot give Catholics and non-Catholics alike jazz guidance in complete humanness when it comes to contracept ion.The major problem for the hook up with believers in the Catholic faith is that Human Vitae neglects their ability to make moral decisions. Paul VI claims that contraception limits a persons human totality and integrity. However, the reality is that the Church is passing this principle of human existence by assuming the common man is incapable of making the correct moral choice. For example Paul VI states , how replete(p) and easy a road would thus be opened up towards conjugal infidelity and the general lowering of morality. (Human Vitae 8). It is absurd to believe that all moral problems in our society can be attributed to the introduction of birth control methods. Man, in his complete integrity and totality, is capable of judging moral from immoral regardless of the technological devices he is surrounded by. If all parts of a human are in harmony, means of contraception cannot invade this persons complete humanness.Scientific research shows that almost all practicing Catho lics today believe that modern means of contraception does not interfere with their beliefs and morals. According to one study, Even among married Catholic women who attend church every week, less than 4% use church-approved family planning methods-about the same as the total population. (Catholics for Contraception). This illustrates the fact that people of faith progress to made their own interpretations of Gods desires and find no difference between natural family planning and modern methods of contraception. Weekly patrons of the church know the moral teachings of the Church and the consequences, yet the facts show that all believers have not come to a consensus.

Industry, Science, and Women in Victorian England :: Free Essays Online

Industry, Science, and Women in Victorian EnglandIn The Stone Book The Mosaic track record of Creation, Thomas Cooper expressed the opinion of many Victorians, claiming that our brave and revered forefathers, who, if they could rise from their ashes and look about them in this their native England, as it is at present, would scent sorrow, instead of joy, mingled with their surprise (Cooper).Although such sentiments are not confined to any single generation, the desire to return to simpler, bygone times is particularly chthonianstandable in regard to Victorian England. After all, England was undergoing an unprecedented period of rapid changes farms were giving way to factories science and technology were revolutionizing how people viewed their world and, for the first time in over a century, a woman reigned Britain. Practically nothing was left untouched, resulting in a conflict between progress and traditional norms. Recent discoveries of silver in India and Australia, plus the a gricultural success of Canada, spurred a fevered amount of growth throughout England (Harrison 25). Railroads, canals, bridges, factories, warehouses, government buildings, and suburban neighborhoods flourished, as did Englands overall successfulness (25). Indeed, between 1850-1883, the national income doubled and exports increased 229 percent (24-25). New technology, such as hydraulic presses, reapers, and locomotives began to appear, as did telegraphs the first of which connected Edinburgh and Manchester (260). With the proliferation of railways, traveling became faster and more(prenominal) convenient, causing people to describe the distance between two locations in terms of the length of a train ride (Sussman 252). Similarly, state-of-the-art innovations, such as the jacquard loom, which produced elaborate textiles by following patterns punched into paper cards, blurred the boundary between human and mechanical intelligence (255). However, although such advancements proved to b e an economic boon, industrialization was by no means universally beneficial. As Fredrich Engles described in The Condition of the working class in England, entire neighborhoods were blighted by the choking heap of nearby factories (Harrison 21). In northeastern Manchester alone, Engles found that 4,000 people were crammed into 400 coal-black, stagnantdisgusting ramshackle cottages, surrounded by heaps of refuse, offal and sickening filth (21). necessitous workers, which comprised 70 percent of the population, swarmed abut the streets just as dirty as the pigs which wallowed in adjacent pens (21). In addition to their squalid housing, Engles noted that workers labored under dangerous conditions and were prone to hunger, occupational diseases, and unscrupulous employers (21).